An all-metal dipole two-element array antenna is proposed to achieve a wide-band impedance bandwidth and an omnidirectional radiation pattern. The concept of this antenna derives from a quarter-shorted magnetic dipole structure. The proposed antenna consists of an air-filled metallic parallel bi-plate and two dipole elements. The dipole elements are perpendicularly fabricated at the open end of the bi-plate. Fed by a single coaxial SMA connector in the center of this structure, a quasi-TEM mode in the bi-plate can be excited similar to the parallel waveguide. Based on the multiple resonances and line-array effect, the proposed antenna can achieve a wide-band working bandwidth and a stable omnidirectional pattern. Simulated and experimental results confirm that this antenna has a peak gain of 4.16 dBi and a relative impedance bandwidth of 72% (0.8-1.7 GHz). The proposed antenna can be used in UAV (unmanned aerial vehicle) application.

A single-layer dipole antenna array with quasi-Yagi configuration has been proposed and demonstrated, which provides a dual radiation pattern with the same sense. This antenna is mainly composed of a substrate-supported parallel strip line (PSL) and several periodic dipole elements. Fed by PSL, dipole elements can be stimulated with a uniform power, forming a linear dipole antenna array. By adjusting the elements separation appropriately, the step phase of array factor can be tuned to achieve the same directivity as the element dipole. When an SubMiniature version A (SMA) coaxial connector is connected at the beginning of PSL, the fundamental mode TEM in the PSL is excited and the radiation electromagnetic wave from the dipole elements is achieved. A taper line between the SMA and PSL can be used to reduce the discontinuity, minimizing the reflection coefficient of the port. According to the theory of classical Yagi antenna, the gain can be further improved by introducing multiple directors, achieving the gain increment of about 3 dBi in the proposed design. Considering 5 GHz frequency band applications (4.85-5.2 GHz), the experimental and simulated results show the proposed antenna array has a working bandwidth (|S11|<=-10dB) from 4.85 to 12 GHz.

Traffic flows play a very important role in transportation engineering. In particular, link flows are a source of information about the traffic state, which is usually available from the authorities that manage road networks. Link flows are commonly used in both short-term and long-term planning models for operation and maintenance, and to forecast the future needs of transportation infrastructure. In this paper, we propose a model to study how traffic flow in one location can be expected to reflect the traffic flow in a nearby region. The statistical basis of the model is derived from link flows to find estimates of the distribution of traffic flows in junctions. The model is evaluated in a numerical study, which uses real link flow data from a transportation network in southern Sweden. The results indicate that the model may be useful for studying how large departing flows from a node reflect the link flows in a neighboring geographic region. 

We present a new method, called hyperplane folding, that increases the margin in Support Vector Machines (SVMs). Based on the location of the support vectors, the method splits the dataset into two parts, rotates one part of the dataset and then merges the two parts again. This procedure increases the margin as long as the margin is smaller than half of the shortest distance between any pair of data points from the two different classes. We provide an algorithm for the general case with n-dimensional data points. A small experiment with three folding iterations on 3-dimensional data points with non-linear relations shows that the margin does indeed increase and that the accuracy improves with a larger margin. The method can use any standard SVM implementation plus some basic manipulation of the data points, i.e., splitting, rotating and merging. Hyperplane folding also increases the interpretability of the data. © 2019 Association for Computing Machinery.

This paper generalizes the Stern-Brocot tree to a tree that consists of all sequences of n coprime positive integers. As for n = 2, each sequence P is the sum of a specific set of other coprime sequences, its Stern-Brocot set B(P), where |B(P)| is the degree of P. With an orthonormal base as the root, the tree defines a fast iterative structure on the set of distinct directions in ℤ+n and a multiresolution partition of S+n-1. Basic proofs rely on a matrix representation of each coprime sequence, where the Stern-Brocot set forms the matrix columns. This induces a finitely generated submonoid SB(n, ℕ) of SL(n, ℕ), and a unimodular multidimensional continued fraction algorithm, also generalizing n = 2. It turns out that the n-dimensional subtree starting with a sequence P is isomorphic to the entire |B(P)|-dimensional tree. This allows basic combinatorial properties to be established. It turns out that also in this multidimensional version, Fibonacci-type sequences have maximal sequence sum in each generation. © 2019 World Scientific Publishing Company.

As pointed out by Zadeh, the mission of fuzzy logic in the era of big data is to create a relevant summary of huge amounts of data and facilitate decision-making. In this study, elements of fuzzy set theory are used to create a visual summary of telecom data, which gives a comprehensive idea concerning the desirability of boosting an operator’s presence in different neighborhoods and regions. The data used for validation cover historical mobility in a region of Sweden during a week. Fuzzy logic allows us to model inherently relative characteristics, such as “a tall man” or “a beautiful woman”, and importantly it also defines “anchors”, the situations (characterized with the value of the membership function for the characteristic) under which the relative notion receives a unique crisp interpretation. We propose color coding of the membership value for the relative notions such as “the desirability of boosting operator’s presence in the neighborhood” and “how well the operator is doing in the region”. The corresponding regions on the map (e.g., postcode zones or larger groupings) are colored in different shades passing from green (1) though yellow (0.5) to red (0). The color hues pass a clear intuitive message making the summary easy to grasp. © 2019, Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

In this paper we consider node labelings c of an undirected connected graph G = (V,E) with labels (1, 2, ...,|V|), which induce a list distance c(u, v) = |c(v) - c(u)| besides the usual graph distance d(u, v). Our main aim is to find a labeling c so c(u; v) is as close to d(u, v) as possible. For any graph we specify algorithms to find a distance-consistent labeling, which is a labeling c that minimize Σ u,vεV (c(u, v) - d(u, v))2. Such labeliings may provide structure for very large graphs. Furthermore, we define a labeling c fulfilling d(u1, v1) &lt; d(u2, v2) ) c(u1, v1) ⇒ c(u2, v2) for all node pairs u1; v1 and u2; v2 as a list labeling, and a graph that has a list labeling is a list graph. We prove that list graphs exist for all n = |V| and all k = |E|: n - 1 ≤ k ≤ n(n - 1)/2, and establish basic properties. List graphs are Hamiltonian, and show weak versions of properties of path graphs. © 2018 Indonesian Combinatorics Society.

This paper generalizes previous optimal upper bounds on the minimum Euclidean distance for phase shift keying (PSK) block codes, that are explicit in three parameters: alphabet size, block length and code size. The bounds are primarily generalized from codes over symmetric PSK to codes over asymmetric PSK and also to general alphabet size. Furthermore, block codes are optimized in the presence of other types of noise than Gaussian, which induces also non-Euclidean distance measures. In some instances, codes over asymmetric PSK prove to give higher Euclidean distance than any code over symmetric PSK with the same parameters. We also provide certain classes of codes that are optimal among codes over symmetric PSK.

Detta papper generaliserar tidigare optimala övre gränser för minimala Euklidiska avståndet för fasskift block koder, s.k. phase shift keying (PSK). De är explicita i tre parametrar: alfabetstorlek, blocklängd och kodstorlek. Gränserna är framförallt generaliserade från koder över symmetrisk PSK till koder över asymmetrisk PSK men även till generell alfabetsstorlek. Block koder är även generaliserade i närvaro av annat brus än gaussiskt, vilket leder till icke-Euklidiska avståndsmått. I vissa fall ger asymmetrisk PSK högre Euklidiskt avstånd än symmetriskt med samma parametrar. Vi visar också att vissa kodklasser är optimala i gruppen av symmetrisk PSK.

The number of applications that use virtual systems is growing, and one would like to use this kind of systems also for real-time applications with hard deadlines. Virtual machines with many cores are interesting since the underlying physical infrastructure usually contains many cores. We consider hard real-time tasks that execute on a virtual machine with m cores. Tasks are scheduled globally on the cores using fixed-priority preemptive scheduling. This means that a task can execute on different virtual cores at different instances in time. In order to avoid Dhall’s effect, which may cause task sets with even very low utilization to miss deadlines, we classify tasks into two priority classes, namely heavy and light tasks. Heavy tasks have higher priority than light tasks. For light tasks we use rate monotonic priority assignment. In this paper we propose a utilization-based test that shows if a task set is schedulable or not. If the task set is schedulable the test provides the priority for each task. The input to the test is the task set, the number of cores in the virtual machine (m), a period for the virtual machine with m cores, and the blocking time when a virtual machine does not have access to the underlying hardware in each period. © 2015 IEEE.

We consider energy minimization by speed-scaling of an open shop multiprocessor with n jobs and m machines. The paper studies the complexity of a primal-dual solution algorithm of [4], which was an open question in that paper.We prove that in a neighbourhood of the solution the complexity of the algorithm is O(mn log(1/ε) if n and m are not equal and ε is the roundoff error of the computer. The paper demonstrates how linearization can be used to investigate the complexity of an algorithm close to the optimum. An estimate of the size of the neighbourhood where the linearization error is smaller than the computer’s roundoff error is also given.

Pappret undersöker en energiminimiseringsalgoritm för en multiprocessor där processorns hastighet kan lokalt varieras för att minimera energin. För en open shop multiprocessor med n tasks och m maskiner studeras effektiviteten för en nyligen publicerad primal-dual algoritm. Nära optimium är dess komplexitet O(mn log(1/ε)) om n och m inte är lika och ε är datorns avrundningsfel. I pappret demonstreras hur linjarisering kan användas för att undersöka en algoritms komplexitet nära optimum. Vi visare också en uppskattning storleken för det område runt optimum där linjariseringsfelet är mindre än datorns avrundningsfel.