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Signal Processing for Radar with Array Antennas and for Radar with Micro-Doppler Measurements
Blekinge Institute of Technology, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences. Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI ).ORCID iD: 0000-0003-0701-706X
2017 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Radar (RAdio Detection And Ranging) uses radio waves to detect the presence of a target and measure its position and other properties. This sensor has found many civilian and military applications due to advantages such as possible large surveillance areas and operation day and night and in all weather. The contributions of this thesis are within applied signal processing for radar in two somewhat separate research areas: 1) radar with array antennas and 2) radar with micro-Doppler measurements.

Radar with array antennas: An array antenna consists of several small antennas in the same space as a single large antenna. Compared to a traditional single-antenna radar, an array antenna radar gives higher flexibility, higher capacity, several radar functions simultaneously and increased reliability, and makes new types of signal processing possible which give new functions and higher performance.

The contributions on array antenna radar in this thesis are in three different problem areas. The first is High Resolution DOA (Direction Of Arrival) Estimation (HRDE) as applied to radar and using real measurement data. HRDE is useful in several applications, including radar applications, to give new functions and improve the performance. The second problem area is suppression of interference (clutter, direct path jamming and scattered jamming) which often is necessary in order to detect and localize the target. The thesis presents various results on interference signal properties, antenna geometry and subarray design, and on interference suppression methods. The third problem area is measurement techniques for which the thesis suggests two measurement designs, one for radar-like measurements and one for scattered signal measurements.

Radar with micro-Doppler measurements: There is an increasing interest and need for safety, security and military surveillance at short distances. Tasks include detecting targets, such as humans, animals, cars, boats, small aircraft and consumer drones; classifying the target type and target activity; distinguishing between target individuals; and also predicting target intention. An approach is to employ micro-Doppler radar to perform these tasks. Micro-Doppler is created by the movement of internal parts of the target, like arms and legs of humans and animals, wheels of cars and rotors of drones.

Using micro-Doppler, this thesis presents results on feature extraction for classification; on classification of targets types (humans, animals and man-made objects) and human gaits; and on information in micro-Doppler signatures for re-identification of the same human individual. It also demonstrates the ability to use different kinds of radars for micro-Doppler measurements. The main conclusion about micro-Doppler radar is that it should be possible to use for safety, security and military surveillance applications.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Karlskrona: Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, 2017. , p. 180
Series
Blekinge Institute of Technology Doctoral Dissertation Series, ISSN 1653-2090 ; 2
Keywords [en]
radar, signal processing, array antenna, subarray, clutter, jamming, interference, direction of arrival estimation, security, micro-Doppler, feature extraction, classification
National Category
Signal Processing
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:bth-13639ISBN: 978-91-7295-335-2 (print)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:bth-13639DiVA, id: diva2:1065710
Public defence
2017-03-31, Karlskrona, 00:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2017-01-16 Created: 2016-12-18 Last updated: 2017-03-08Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Radar-Like Measurements with an Experimental Digital Beamforming Array Antenna
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Radar-Like Measurements with an Experimental Digital Beamforming Array Antenna
1998 (English)Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

An experimental S-band digital beamforming receiving array antenna has been used in “radar- like” measurements, where radar signals with programmable waveforms are transmitted. The measurements are carried out in an anechoic chamber and the measured signals come from the direct path from transmitter antennas to the receiver antenna. In this way targets are simulated. On the received signals, conventional beamforming, pulse compression, doppler filtering and high resolution direction of arrival estimation are performed. Accurate channel calibration and channel equalization are utilized. This paper first describes the receiving antenna, transmitter control, measurement arrangements, calibration and signal processing. It then presents some measurement results for high resolution direction of arrival estimation and for radar resolution of one and two targets.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
IEEE, 1998
National Category
Signal Processing
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:bth-13536 (URN)
Conference
International Radar Symposium IRS 98, Munich
Available from: 2016-12-18 Created: 2016-12-05 Last updated: 2017-01-16Bibliographically approved
2. High Resolution Direction of Arrival Estimation Methods Applied to Measurements from a Digital Array Antenna
Open this publication in new window or tab >>High Resolution Direction of Arrival Estimation Methods Applied to Measurements from a Digital Array Antenna
2000 (English)In: First IEEE Sensor Array and Multichannel Signal Processing Workshop (SAM 2000), IEEE Signal Processing Society, 2000, p. 464-468Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

At the Defence Research Establishment of Sweden (FOA) an experimental S-band receiving digital array antenna for radar applications has been designed and built. It consists of a horizontal uniform linear array (ULA) of 12 antenna elements, whose digitized signals are processed in non-real time in a computer. Accurate calibration is utilized.

We have compared several spectral and parametric direc- tion-of-arrival (DOA) estimation methods for varying DOA separations, number of samples and signal-to-noise ratios (SNR) on measured data from an anechoic cham- ber.

At ideal conditions the resolution can be improved con- siderably with model based DOA methods compared to conventional beamforming. We achieved a resolution 1below /10 of the resolution of conventional beamforming.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
IEEE Signal Processing Society, 2000
National Category
Signal Processing
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:bth-13537 (URN)10.1109/SAM.2000.878052 (DOI)
Conference
First IEEE Sensor Array and Multichannel Signal Processing Workshop (SAM), Cambridge, Massachusetts
Available from: 2016-12-18 Created: 2016-12-05 Last updated: 2017-01-16Bibliographically approved
3. Auxiliary beam terrain-scattered interference suppression: reflection system and radar performance
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Auxiliary beam terrain-scattered interference suppression: reflection system and radar performance
2013 (English)In: IET Radar, Sonar & Navigation, ISSN 1751-8784, Vol. 7, no 8, p. 836-847Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Terrain-scattered interference (TSI), that is, jammer signals reflected on the earth's surface, is a significant problem to military airborne radar. In auxiliary beam TSI suppression, the TSI in the main radar beam is estimated by a single or several auxiliary beams and is subtracted from the main beam channel. The signal to subtract is the auxiliary beam signals fed through an estimate of the ‘reflection system’, which describes scattering on the surface. The authors first present results on the structure of this TSI suppression, on the estimation of the reflection system and on the quality of the estimate. Then the authors derive theoretical expressions for the signal-to-interference plus noise ratio (SINR) and the remaining TSI power for a single auxiliary beam. Since the SINR is directly connected to the radar performance, it can be seen what factors affect the performance and how. It was noted that when the estimated reflection system is missing one or more delays of the true system, the TSI filter cannot suppress the TSI signal completely. This phenomenon, which is called ‘TSI leakage’, has a very large impact on the performance. The SINR cannot be kept constant. Instead, an ‘SINR improvement’ can be defined.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
The Institution of Engineering and Technology (IET), 2013
National Category
Signal Processing
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:bth-6818 (URN)10.1049/iet-rsn.2011.0407 (DOI)000326459400002 ()oai:bth.se:forskinfo223552380FFF7A9DC1257C120071C02F (Local ID)oai:bth.se:forskinfo223552380FFF7A9DC1257C120071C02F (Archive number)oai:bth.se:forskinfo223552380FFF7A9DC1257C120071C02F (OAI)
Available from: 2013-12-17 Created: 2013-10-28 Last updated: 2017-01-16Bibliographically approved
4. Measurement of Rank and Other Properties of Direct and Scattered Signals
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Measurement of Rank and Other Properties of Direct and Scattered Signals
2016 (English)In: International Journal of Antennas and Propagation, ISSN 1687-5869, E-ISSN 1687-5877, Vol. 2016, article id 5483547Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

We have designed an experiment for low-cost indoor measurements of rank and other properties of direct and scattered signals with radar interference suppression in mind. The signal rank is important also in many other applications, for example, DOA (Direction of Arrival) estimation, estimation of the number of and location of transmitters in electronic warfare, and increasing the capacity in wireless communications. In real radar applications, such measurements can be very expensive, for example, involving airborne radars with array antennas. We have performed the measurements in an anechoic chamber with several transmitters, a receiving array antenna, and a moving reflector. Our experiment takes several aspects into account: transmitted signals with different correlation, decorrelation of the signals during the acquisition interval, covariance matrix estimation, noise eigenvalue spread, calibration, near-field compensation, scattering in a rough surface, and good control of the influencing factors. With our measurements we have observed rank, DOA spectrum, and eigenpatterns of direct and scattered signals. The agreement of our measured properties with theoretic and simulated results in the literature shows that our experiment is realistic and sound. The detailed description of our experiment could serve as help for conducting other well-controlled experiments. © Copyright 2016 Svante Björklund et al.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Hindawi Publishing Corporation, 2016
Keywords
Antenna arrays, Antennas, Covariance matrix, Eigenvalues and eigenfunctions, Electronic warfare, Interference suppression, Radar, Radar measurement, Signal processing, Transmitters, Wireless telecommunication systems, Controlled experiment, Covariance matrix estimation, DOA (direction of arrival) estimations, Indoor measurement, Location of transmitters, Measured properties, Radar applications, Wireless communications, Direction of arrival
National Category
Communication Systems Signal Processing Other Electrical Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Information Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:bth-13495 (URN)10.1155/2016/5483547 (DOI)000386827700001 ()2-s2.0-84994314235 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Knowledge FoundationA multiscale, cross‐disciplinary approach to the study of climate change effect on ecosystem services and biodiversity
Note

open access

Funders: Swedish Armed Forces   Swedish Defence Materiel Administration

Available from: 2016-11-24 Created: 2016-11-23 Last updated: 2017-11-29Bibliographically approved
5. Clutter properties for STAP with smooth and faceted cylindrical conformal antennas
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Clutter properties for STAP with smooth and faceted cylindrical conformal antennas
2010 (English)Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Conformal antennas, which assume the shape of the platform, have several advantages; like reduced weight and space, aerodynamic design and increased field of view. We are interested in detection of moving ground targets with air-borne radar with faceted or smooth vertical half-cylinder or planar antennas with different subarray sizes. We simulate radar systems and study clutter properties which are important for suppressing the clutter with STAP (Space-Time Adaptive Processing), properties by which we can compare the antennas. We use old analysis tools and propose some new which are easy to interpret and draw conclusions from. We find that the faceted and smooth half-cylinder antennas have no significant differences in clutter suppression performance. The plane antenna has poorer performance. The subarray division is more important than the antenna geometry. The number of antenna channels is related to the clutter rank and the clutter fraction of the signal space

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Washington DC: IEEE, 2010
Keywords
Cylinders (shapes), Cylindrical antennas, Radar, Radar systems
National Category
Signal Processing
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:bth-7608 (URN)10.1109/RADAR.2010.5494603 (DOI)oai:bth.se:forskinfoAEA48A99AA2BB7F1C12578110046A060 (Local ID)978-142445812-7 (ISBN)oai:bth.se:forskinfoAEA48A99AA2BB7F1C12578110046A060 (Archive number)oai:bth.se:forskinfoAEA48A99AA2BB7F1C12578110046A060 (OAI)
Conference
IEEE International Radar Conference
Available from: 2012-09-18 Created: 2011-01-07 Last updated: 2017-01-16Bibliographically approved
6. Clutter Properties for a Side-Looking Radar with Planar Regular and Irregular Subarrays
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Clutter Properties for a Side-Looking Radar with Planar Regular and Irregular Subarrays
2015 (English)In: 2015 16TH INTERNATIONAL RADAR SYMPOSIUM (IRS), 2015, p. 730-735Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

The effect of the subarray design in a side-looking moving radar with a planar antenna on some clutter properties which are important for suppressing the clutter with STAP (Space-Time Adaptive Processing) is investigated by simulations. These properties are interference DOA Doppler Spectrum (DDS) and clutter rank. The conclusions from the work is that irregular antennas give less clutter in the DDS and that larger subarrays give lower clutter rank.

Series
International Radar Symposium Proceedings, ISSN 2155-5745
Keywords
ARRAYS; RANK
National Category
Telecommunications Other Electrical Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Information Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:bth-12963 (URN)000380372600159 ()978-3-9540-4853-3 (ISBN)
Conference
16th International Radar Symposium (IRS), JUN 24-26, 2015, Dresden, GERMANY
Available from: 2016-08-31 Created: 2016-08-30 Last updated: 2017-03-14Bibliographically approved
7. Three-Dimensional DPCA with Rotating Antenna for Clutter Cancellation
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Three-Dimensional DPCA with Rotating Antenna for Clutter Cancellation
2015 (English)In: 2015 IEEE Radar Conference (RadarCon), Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 2015, p. 1579-1583Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

In moving radar, e.g. airborne radar, the clutter from land and sea needs to be suppressed in order to detect the target. One approach to total cancellation of the clutter is Displaced Phase Center Antenna (DPCA). DPCA assumes that the antenna elements are positioned on a line parallel to the velocity vector of the radar platform so that the elements can take each others positions at different points of times. In a previous paper we saw that it is possible with other antenna element positions, e.g. in three dimensions, for a total cancellation of the clutter. We arrived at a theoretical condition for this. In this new paper we extend the condition with rotating array antennas. We also formulate an optimization problem for, besides the clutter cancellation, also maximizing the target signal.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 2015
Series
IEEE Radar Conference (RadarCon), ISSN 1097-5659
Keywords
Clutter, Radar antennas, Optimization, Radar clutter, Airborne radar
National Category
Signal Processing
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:bth-13637 (URN)10.1109/RADAR.2015.7131249 (DOI)978-1-4799-8232-5 (ISBN)
Conference
IEEE International Radar Conference, Arlington, Virginia, USA
Available from: 2016-12-18 Created: 2016-12-18 Last updated: 2017-01-16Bibliographically approved
8. Features for micro-Doppler based activity classification
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Features for micro-Doppler based activity classification
2015 (English)In: IET radar, sonar & navigation, ISSN 1751-8784, E-ISSN 1751-8792, Vol. 9, no 9, p. 1181-1187Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Safety and security applications benefit from better situational awareness. Radar micro-Doppler signatures from an observed target carry information about the target's activity, and have potential to improve situational awareness. This article describes, compares, and discusses two methods to classify human activity based on radar micro-Doppler data. The first method extracts physically interpretable features from the time-velocity domain such as the main cycle time and properties of the envelope of the micro-Doppler spectra and use these in the classification. The second method derives its features based on the components with the most energy in the cadence-velocity domain (obtained as the Fourier transform of the time-velocity domain). Measurements from a field trial show that the two methods have similar activity classification performance. It is suggested that target base velocity and main limb cadence frequency are indirect features of both methods, and that they do often alone suffice to discriminate between the studied activities. This is corroborated by experiments with a reduced feature set. This opens up for designing new more compact feature sets. Moreover, weaknesses of the methods and the impact of non-radial motion are discussed.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Institution of Engineering and Technology (IET), 2015
Keywords
Doppler radar, Fourier transforms, feature extraction, micro-Doppler based activity classification, radar micro-Doppler signatures, physically interpretable feature extraction, time-velocity domain, cadence-velocity domain, Fourier transform
National Category
Communication Systems
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:bth-11346 (URN)10.1049/iet-rsn.2015.0084 (DOI)000365855500007 ()
Available from: 2016-01-04 Created: 2016-01-04 Last updated: 2023-11-16Bibliographically approved
9. Target Classification in Perimeter Protection with a Micro-Doppler Radar
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Target Classification in Perimeter Protection with a Micro-Doppler Radar
2016 (English)In: 2016 17TH INTERNATIONAL RADAR SYMPOSIUM (IRS), 2016Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

In security surveillance at the perimeter of critical infrastructure, such as airports and power plants, approaching objects have to be detected and classified. Especially important is to distinguish between humans, animals and vehicles. In this paper, micro-Doppler data (from movement of internal parts of the target) have been collected with a small radar of a low complexity and cost-effective type. From time-velocity diagrams of the data, some physical features have been extracted and used in a support vector machine classifier to distinguish between the classes "human", "animal" and "man-made object". Both the type of radar and the classes are suitable for perimeter protection. The classification result are rather good, 77% correct classification. Particularly interesting is the surprisingly good ability to distinguish between humans and animals. This also indicates that we can choose to have limitations in the radar and still solve the classification task.

Series
International Radar Symposium Proceedings, ISSN 2155-5745
National Category
Communication Systems Other Electrical Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Information Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:bth-13059 (URN)000381801100095 ()978-1-5090-2518-3 (ISBN)
Conference
17th International Radar Symposium (IRS), MAY 10-12, 2016, Krakow, POLAND
Available from: 2016-09-30 Created: 2016-09-30 Last updated: 2017-01-16Bibliographically approved
10. On Distinguishing between Human Individuals in Micro-Doppler Signatures
Open this publication in new window or tab >>On Distinguishing between Human Individuals in Micro-Doppler Signatures
2013 (English)In: 14th International Radar Symposium (IRS), 2013, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 2013Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

Radar micro-Doppler signatures (MDS) of humans are created by movements of body parts, such as legs and arms. MDSs can be used in security applications to detect humans and classify their type and activity. Target association and tracking, which can facilitate the classification, become easier if it is possible to distinguish between human individuals by their MDSs. By this we mean to recognize the same individual in a short time frame but not to establish the identity of the individual. In this paper we perform a statistical experiment in which six test persons are able to distinguish between walking human individuals from their MDSs. From this we conclude that there is information in the MDSs of the humans to distinguish between different individuals, which also can be used by a machine. Based on the results of the best test persons we also discuss features in the MDSs that could be utilized to make this processing possible.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 2013
Keywords
Target tracking, Legged locomotion, Radar tracking, Doppler radar, Principal component analysis
National Category
Signal Processing
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:bth-13638 (URN)978-1-4673-4821-8 (ISBN)
Conference
International Radar Symposium (IRS), Dresden, Germany,
Available from: 2016-12-18 Created: 2016-12-18 Last updated: 2017-01-16Bibliographically approved

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