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On the Consistency of 360° Video Quality Assessment in Repeated Subjective Tests: A Pilot Study
Blekinge Institute of Technology, Faculty of Computing, Department of Computer Science.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-7550-5818
Blekinge Institute of Technology, Faculty of Computing, Department of Computer Science.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-3604-2766
Blekinge Institute of Technology, Faculty of Computing, Department of Computer Science.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-1730-9026
Blekinge Institute of Technology, Faculty of Computing, Department of Computer Science.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-3283-2819
2024 (English)In: EAI Endorsed Transactions on Industrial Networks and Intelligent Systems, E-ISSN 2410-0218, Vol. 11, no 1, p. 1-22Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Immersive media such as virtual reality, augmented reality, and 360° video have seen tremendous technological developments in recent years. Furthermore, the advances in head-mounted displays (HMDs) offer the users increased immersive experiences compared to conventional displays. To develop novel immersive media systems and services that satisfy the expectations of the users, it is essential to conduct subjective tests revealing users’ perceived quality of immersive media. However, due to the new viewing dimensions provided by HMDs and the potential of interacting with the content, a wide range of subjective tests are required to understand the many aspects of user behavior in and quality perception of immersive media. The ground truth obtained by such subjective tests enable the development of optimized immersive media systems that fulfill the expectations of the users. This article focuses on the consistency of 360° video quality assessment to reveal whether users’ subjective quality assessment of such immersive visual stimuli changes fundamentally over time or is kept consistent for each user. A pilot study was conducted under pandemic conditions with participants given the task of rating the quality of 360° video stimuli on an HMD in standing and seated viewing. The choice of conducting a pilot study is motivated by the fact that immersive media impose high cognitive load on the participants and the need to keep the number of participants under pandemic conditions as low as possible. To gain insight into the consistency of the participants’ 360° video assessment over time, three sessions were held for each participant and each viewing condition with long and short breaks between sessions. In particular, the opinion scores and head movements were recorded for each participant and each session in standing and seated viewing. The statistical analysis of this data leads to the conjecture that the quality rating stays consistent throughout these sessions with each participant having their own quality assessment signature. The head movements, indicating the participants’ scene exploration during the quality assessment task, also remain consistent for each participant according their individual narrower or wider scene exploration signature. These findings are more pronounced for standing viewing than for seated viewing. This work supports the role of pilot studies being a useful approach of conducting pre-tests on immersive media quality under opportunity-limited conditions and for the planning of subsequent full subjective tests with a large panel of participants. The annotated RQA360 dataset containing the data recorded in the repeated subjective tests is made publicly available to the research community. © 2024. M. Elwardy et al., licensed to EAI. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the CC BY-NC-SA 4.0, which permits copying, redistributing, remixing, transformation, and building upon the material in any medium so long as the original work is properly cited. doi:10.4108/eetinis.v11i1.4323. All Rights Reserved.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
European Alliance for Innovation , 2024. Vol. 11, no 1, p. 1-22
Keywords [en]
360° video, annotated dataset, opportunity-limited conditions, pilot study, quality assessment, quality of experience, seated viewing, standing viewing, subjective tests, Behavioral research, Helmet mounted displays, Quality control, Quality of service, Subjective testing, Virtual reality, 360° video, Annotated datasets, Condition, Opportunity-limited condition, Pilot studies, Subjective test, Augmented reality
National Category
Telecommunications
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:bth-26064DOI: 10.4108/eetinis.v11i1.4323Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85187234575OAI: oai:DiVA.org:bth-26064DiVA, id: diva2:1847344
Part of project
VIATECH- Human-Centered Computing for Novel Visual and Interactive Applications, Knowledge FoundationHINTS - Human-Centered Intelligent Realities
Funder
Knowledge Foundation, 20170056Knowledge Foundation, 20220068Available from: 2024-03-27 Created: 2024-03-27 Last updated: 2024-11-20Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Participants' Quality Experiences and Behavior in 360° Videos
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Participants' Quality Experiences and Behavior in 360° Videos
2025 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

In the rapidly evolving virtual reality (VR) field, assessing video quality on head-mounted displays (HMDs) for 360° videos presents unique opportunities and challenges. As immersive multimedia becomes increasingly widespread, understanding how users perceive and evaluate the quality of 360° videos is essential. This thesis investigates the subjective quality assessment tests of 360° videos, examining how participants' VR experiences, viewing conditions, and exploration behaviors shape perceptions of quality. This thesis aims to perform subjective quality assessment tests to study and understand how participants perceive the quality of 360° videos on an HMD. The thesis starts with an extended summary of the field of subjective quality assessment for 360° videos, followed by eight key publications, and unfolds into three main parts.

The first part of the thesis focuses on data collection to establish ground truth. It includes a comprehensive survey of annotated 360° images and videos datasets related to subjective quality assessment. It also presents a set of datasets collected specifically for subjective quality assessment tests for 360° videos with different test methods and viewing conditions conducted as part of the research. The second part of the thesis investigates how varying levels of VR experience affect participants' video quality assessments. It compares two test methods, the absolute category rating (ACR) and the modified ACR (MACR) method, to evaluate 360° video quality. Furthermore, this part evaluates simulator sickness in participants viewing 360° video on an HMD and explores how their prior VR experience levels correlate with the occurrence of these symptoms. The third and final part of the thesis focuses on assessing viewing conditions and rating consistency. It involves conducting subjective quality assessment tests for 360° videos under different viewing conditions, such as standing and seated viewing, and providing a statistical analysis of the psychophysical and psychophysiological measures. This part also investigates the consistency of 360° video quality assessments through repeated subjective quality assessment tests under opportunity-limited conditions. It examines how quality assessments vary between the standing and seated viewing conditions and explores whether participants' subjective evaluations of 360° videos change over time or remain stable across repeated exposures.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Karlskrona: Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, 2025. p. 255
Series
Blekinge Institute of Technology Doctoral Dissertation Series, ISSN 1653-2090 ; 2025:01
Keywords
360° Video, Immersive Multimedia, Video Quality Assessment, Participants' Experience, Head-Mounted Display, Virtual Reality, Subjective Tests, Standing Viewing, Seated Viewing
National Category
Computer Sciences
Research subject
Computer Science
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:bth-27122 (URN)978-91-7295-493-9 (ISBN)
Public defence
2025-01-17, J1630, Campus Gräsvik, Karlskrona, 09:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2024-11-21 Created: 2024-11-20 Last updated: 2024-11-28Bibliographically approved

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Elwardy, MajedZepernick, Hans-JuergenChu, Thi My ChinhHu, Yan

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