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QoE-Based Performance Comparison of AVC, HEVC, and VP9 on Mobile Devices with Additional Influencing Factors
Blekinge Institute of Technology, Faculty of Computing, Department of Technology and Aesthetics.ORCID iD: 0009-0004-2874-0403
Blekinge Institute of Technology, Faculty of Computing, Department of Technology and Aesthetics.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-8929-4911
Blekinge Institute of Technology, Faculty of Computing, Department of Technology and Aesthetics.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-4327-117x
2024 (English)In: Electronics, E-ISSN 2079-9292, Vol. 13, no 2, article id 329Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

While current video quality assessment research predominantly revolves around resolutions of 4 K and beyond, targeted at ultra high-definition (UHD) displays, effective video quality for mobile video streaming remains primarily within the range of 480 p to 1080 p. In this study, we conducted a comparative analysis of the quality of experience (QoE) for widely implemented video codecs on mobile devices, specifically Advanced Video Coding (AVC), its successor High-Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC), and Google’s VP9. Our choice of 720 p video sequences from a newly developed database, all with identical bitrates, aimed to maintain a manageable subjective assessment duration, capped at 35–40 min. To mimic real-time network conditions, we generated stimuli by streaming original video clips over a controlled emulated setup, subjecting them to eight different packet-loss scenarios. We evaluated the quality and structural similarity of the distorted video clips using objective metrics, including the Video Quality Metric (VQM), Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR), Video Multi-Method Assessment Fusion (VMAF), and Multi-Scale Structural Similarity Index (MS-SSIM). Subsequently, we collected subjective ratings through a custom mobile application developed for Android devices. Our findings revealed that VMAF accurately represented the degradation in video quality compared to other metrics. Moreover, in most cases, HEVC exhibited an advantage over both AVC and VP9 under low packet-loss scenarios. However, it is noteworthy that in our test cases, AVC outperformed HEVC and VP9 in scenarios with high packet loss, based on both subjective and objective assessments. Our observations further indicate that user preferences for the presented content contributed to video quality ratings, emphasizing the importance of additional factors that influence the perceived video quality of end users. © 2024 by the authors.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
MDPI, 2024. Vol. 13, no 2, article id 329
Keywords [en]
HEVC and AVC comparison, mobile codecs efficiency, multimedia streaming, QoE IFs, QoE metrics, video quality assessments
National Category
Communication Systems
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:bth-25939DOI: 10.3390/electronics13020329ISI: 001148927000001Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85183182089OAI: oai:DiVA.org:bth-25939DiVA, id: diva2:1834493
Funder
Swedish Research CouncilAvailable from: 2024-02-05 Created: 2024-02-05 Last updated: 2025-09-30Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Examining QoE Influence Factors: The Interplay of Perception and Experience
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Examining QoE Influence Factors: The Interplay of Perception and Experience
2025 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

The future trend of internet usage increasingly emphasizes visual modes of engagement and user interactions across complex scenarios, including multimedia video, gaming, mapping services, and immersive applications. Consequently, the success of media creators, application developers, and service providers hinges on selecting appropriate tools and technologies to optimize the user experience. Quality of Experience (QoE) offers a framework for evaluating user experience and satisfaction with applications or services by using both objective and subjective metrics. It is important to recognize that various factors can influence user feedback, including different traits of human personality, interactions with systems, and the context in which they are used.

In this thesis, we adopt a holistic approach to evaluate the QoE for video quality and outdoor applications, focusing on system, human, and contextual influence factors. From a system perspective, we investigate the performance of widely implemented video codecs and propose more effective objective QoE metrics. The objective results are benchmarked against subjective outcomes to underscore their limitations in quantifying user experience, which is influenced by numerous factors beyond system-related aspects. Regarding human influence factors, our analysis encompasses user delight with the content presented, mood, gender, and the impact of eye-tracking on user assessments. A key observation is the critical importance of selecting stimuli that effectively engage users to accurately capture the true impact of user delight in the context of mobile gaming. For contextual factors, we examine the frequency of use and highlight the distinction between assumptions and actual experiences during user evaluations of outdoor activities. Our findings reveal the notable effects of these influence factors, particularly user delight, which demonstrated significant outcomes. The impact of visual attention on user behavior and subsequent ratings was also established. Furthermore, we identify limitations in existing QoE metrics and underscore the need for more cohesive QoE models that effectively engage users with mobility-driven applications or services that are not confined to multimedia streaming. These insights are drawn from several use cases reflecting the evolving ways in which users are interacting with systems nowadays. Our findings highlight the need for future QoE methodologies to evolve, by integrating the complex interplay of technical and human-centric variables. This evolution is essential to develop flexible, dynamic, and scalable solutions that cater to the demands of diverse applications.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Karlskrona: Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, 2025. p. 161
Series
Blekinge Institute of Technology Doctoral Dissertation Series, ISSN 1653-2090 ; 2025:04
Keywords
QoE Metrics, Human Influence Factors, Mobile Gaming, Multimedia Streaming, Gaze Tracking, Dynamic Surveys, Outdoor Cycling
National Category
Computer Sciences
Research subject
Computer Science
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:bth-27249 (URN)978-91-7295-495-3 (ISBN)
Public defence
2025-02-27, Ateljén, BTH Campus Karlshamn, Karlshamn, 10:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2024-12-17 Created: 2024-12-16 Last updated: 2025-09-30Bibliographically approved

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Nawaz, OmerFiedler, MarkusKhatibi, Siamak

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