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P-Blend: Privacy- and Utility-Preserving Blendshape Perturbation Against Re-identification Attacks in Virtual Reality
Shandong University, China.
Shandong University, China.
Blekinge Institute of Technology, Faculty of Computing, Department of Computer Science.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-3283-2819
Harbin Engineering University, China.
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2025 (English)In: IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, ISSN 1077-2626, E-ISSN 1941-0506, Vol. 31, no 11, p. 9592-9602Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

In this paper, we propose p-Blend, an efficient and effective blendshape perturbation mechanism designed to defend against both intra- and cross-app re-identification attacks in virtual reality. p-Blend provides privacy protection when streaming blendshape data to third-party applications on VR devices. In its design, we consider both privacy and utility. p-Blend not only perturbs blendshape values to resist re-identification attacks but also preserves the smoothness of facial animations and the naturalness of facial expressions, ensuring the continued usability of the data. We validate the effectiveness of p-Blend through extensive empirical evaluations and user studies. Quantitative experiments on a large-scale dataset collected from 45 participants demonstrate that p-Blend significantly reduces re-identification accuracy across a range of machine learning models. While pure-random perturbation fails to prevent attacks that exploit statistical features, p-Blend effectively mitigates these risks in both raw and statistical blendshape data. Additionally, user study results show that facial animations generated from p-Blend-perturbed blendshapes maintain greater smoothness and naturalness compared to those using purely random perturbation. The codes and dataset are available at https://github.com/jingwei1016/p-Blend. 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
IEEE Computer Society, 2025. Vol. 31, no 11, p. 9592-9602
Keywords [en]
blendshape, Privacy-preservation, virtual reality, Blending, Large datasets, Learning systems, Machine learning, Privacy-preserving techniques, Virtual environments, Blendshapes, Empirical evaluations, Facial animation, Facial Expressions, Privacy preservation, Privacy protection, Random perturbations, Re identifications, Third party application (Apps), User study
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Computer Sciences
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:bth-28780DOI: 10.1109/TVCG.2025.3616736ISI: 001611096500004Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-105018044839OAI: oai:DiVA.org:bth-28780DiVA, id: diva2:2007119
Available from: 2025-10-17 Created: 2025-10-17 Last updated: 2025-11-24Bibliographically approved

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Hu, Yan

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